Have No Time to Cook and Forced to Eat Junk Food Healthy Snacks is the Answer!

Among the many problems, students facing the issue of nutrition is rarely placed in the top ten; yet if you ever had a considerable backlog of studies to catch up, you probably know how it is: dozens of tasks to do and barely any time to eat, let alone spending time on cooking or even thinking about preparing something that would go any further than sate your immediate hunger. Junk food boasts to be a handy rescue, but those who really benefit from it are marketing agencies, while their nutritional properties are poor, to say the least. And even if substances found in many junk foods are not outright dangerous (there’s still controversy on this subject), these snacks do a poor job at keeping you in top shape. Mostly they contain carbs that’ll give you a short-lived energy boost – a sugar rush, but you’ll soon be peckish and fatigued again. What your body really needs is products rich in fiber and high-quality oils that will provide energy that will last you a long time. In this situation your answer may lie in healthy snacks: they don’t require any time to cook and may be eaten on the go, without stopping your studies for a minute and will give you enough strength to go on. Dried fruit, nuts, wholegrain products, granola bars, berries and many more varieties – take your pick. Of course, such things may be hard to find, especially if you have never been interested in them before. In such  situation one of many snack delivery companies may come to your rescue – basically you order a set of snacks you choose on your own from them, and they deliver them to you, either on a regular basis or when asked to do so. The range of products in some of them encompasses hundreds of different kinds of snacks suited for all kinds of food-conscious eaters, including vegan and gluten-free options. Many of snack delivery companies offer free trials, allowing you to choose several snacks to try before you place a full order – thus you will be able to understand if they are worth their cost and if this way of eating suits you at all. In the long run, healthy snacks not just satiate your hunger but produce numerous positive effects, improving your health, making you more alert, enhancing brain function and memory (and what can be better before an especially difficult exam?) and decreasing your need for sleep – win all around. And, when all is said and done, these snacks are not only healthy, wholesome, energy-rich and easy-to-use, but also quite tasty. If you’ve never tried them before, their tastes may seem unusual and even weird at first, but one quickly gets used to good things – and once you’ve started eating healthy snacks on a regular basis, there is just no going back to potato chips, burgers and choc bars.

Differences Between Islamic Securitisation And Conventional Securitisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3208 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: According to the topic of discussing the differences between Islamic securitisation and conventional securitisation, the discussion will lead to the satisfactory aspects of comprehensive analysis of the information gathered during the research. Moreover, it continues with the Islamic securitisation structure on the qualitative as well as quantitative basis according to the difference from the conventional securitisation structure. Securitisation which openly deals with the trade have more emphasis on the aspects to provide lucidity that it is riba-free (non-Islamic interest free) and its mechanism is based on shariah compliant system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Differences Between Islamic Securitisation And Conventional Securitisation" essay for you Create order We will be discussing different aspects that provide a clearer picture to mechanism that how it works i.e. structure, elements of risk shifting (risk scattering) and risk sharing in the deemed process so far as the area requires a lot more research to acquire steadiness in financial world and to enrich more on the topic some distinctive facts and figure are discussed as well. Background information of the topic: From the beginning of the Islamic banking in early 1960s which reckons the acuity of Islamic Shariah according to Quran and Sunnah brought into account as legal maxims with many ideas to facilitates the use of finance in both debt based and equity based. Not only Muslims countries regarding Islamic securitisation is worried about many factors to find a way out to enrich financial systems many other countries however following the conventional financial and banking systems. In the start and yet it is quite infant situation of securitisation because of the collective concerns of lenders or financier and borrowers. Lately, it has to move on with incentive compatibility and attractiveness for investors. Financial intermediaries even nowadays face quite drastic situations despite their in-house financial management; debt handling being a global concern. There is a wider line drawn understanding the differences between Islamic ways and uses of securitisation and its conventional counterpar t though it seems quite trembling discussing about when it is debt based securitisation. Refer to the figures shown below which signifies the basic mechanism of securitisation; providing a clearer picture to its importance. Figure 1.1.a Basic Process of Securitisation [According to Dr. Masum Billah] According to Masum Billah M., in his article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, he discusses about securitisation being a prevalent method of financing nowadays more precisely in corporate sector. Furthermore he illustrates securitisation that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where the company pooled its illiquid assets together and issued a claim to a pool of assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"when the assets are securitised, it made the assets tradable in the financial marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Furthermore, he presented the simplest definition that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"securitisation is a process where corporation converts its physical assets in to financial assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Masum aggregated in his words about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the assets that have to be securitised have to be illiquid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cannot be traded in share market or secondary market- and should also have produce cash flows over its lifeti me. Besides that, the assets should have financial value so that they can be used as a claimed against the securitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. From the above depiction, a securitisation engages the sale of a large pool of assets by an entity or the originator that creates or purchases the assets in the course of its business to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bankruptcy remoteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, special purpose vehicle (SPV). The SPV acts as an issuer, issue and sale the securities through either in a private placement or public offering. When securitisation process is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“closedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? funds flow from the purchasers of the securities to the issuers and from the Issuers to the Originator. All these transaction occur virtually simultaneously. (Masum) Hence, the above description is the basic structure of securitisation. The actual structures are more complex because it involves more elements and participants. Refer to the rainbow-pie chart which presents a practical implication of securitisatio n according to Commerz bank. Figure 1.1.b Paradigm of Securitisation [defined by Commerz Bank (2007)] The above implementation can be an example of securitisation though many different approaches and products that provide seamless structure on Shariah compliant way which lie still under research yet required to be evolved. Scope of the research: The entire research is nourished on the basis of salient research techniques which consist of a vast study of reference books, written journals (inclusive of e-journals), research papers, seminar notes, open survey from public and some online resources. Furthermore, it helped a lot as a combination of theoretical and statistical comparison between conventional and Islamic securitisation in the literature review (which encompasses the knowledge as well as defined focus on the topic) with ground reality at an optimum level. Literature Review: Before moving on with detailed analysis there is a need to proclaim types (structures) of securitisation in general depiction. According to Masum, there are three main structures commonly used in securitisation. The originator chooses between three types of structures: pass-throughs, asset backed bond and pay-through. Masum further defined those structures coming forth; pass-through structures likely represent the direct ownership by the originator in a portfolio of assets. The originator services the portfolio, makes collections, and passes them to the investors. In pass through, the securities is not debt obligations of the originator thus, do not appear on the originatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement. Since the ownership of the assets lies with the originator, pass-through is designed to represent an assignment of a portion of ownership, rights and obligation but not a conveyance of title. (Masum) Masum elaborates that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Asset-Backed bond is collaterised by a portfolio of assets. The Asset-Backed Bond is a debt obligation of the issuers. In the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement, the collateral remains as assets and the Asset-Backed Bond appears as a liability. The cash flows from the asset are not dedicated to the investors. The investors only receive a part of the cash flows and the residual remains with the issuersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"One of the important aspect of the Asset-Backed Bond is that the securities is over-collateralized i.e. the value of the underlying assets is significantly in excess of the total obligation. For example, Company A issued RM1, 000,000.00 of bond using the Asset-Backed Bond structures. The value of the underlying assets that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"backedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the bond is RM2, 500,000.00. The issuer chooses to over-collateralised its bond in order to provide some level of comfort to the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Discussed by M.M. Billah in his paper) Lastly, he concluded with the final structure of securitisation is the pay-through structures. This structure has combination of pass-through and Asset-Backed Bond. The bond is collateralized by a pool of assets and appears on the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s balance sheet as a debt. However, the cash flows arise from the assets is passed to the investors. The issuer only earns the service fees from the investors. From the above description of the mentioned, we can see that pass-through is the structure closest to satisfy the Islamic principle. Under pass-through, the cash flows collected are dedicated to the investors and the issuer only earns the service charge. Besides that, the security does not classify as a debt by the originator. Henceforth, conventional securitisation must be secluded according to research in different products and approaches and thus a large part of the conventional securitisation market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, mortgage backed securities, would be prohi bited because the income (though not the principal) element of the cash flow would be characterised as riba. Similarly, CDOs and other such instruments could not be allowed as an asset class as these represent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Debtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? rather than an allowable commodity or activity. However, these restrictions do not mean that an Islamic securitisation market cannot develop. There are many classes of assets with a long history of securitisation that are halal (allowable), in particular any physical asset such as plant and machinery, and many of the techniques used in a conventional securitisation transaction are equally valid in an Islamic transaction. The remainder of this article will try to show just how similar those requirements are, and point out some further underlying differences in structuring a Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a compliant securitisation. Mervyn and Kabir (2007) conversed Islamic point of view of investments in different aspects according to ethics and moral besides regulatory framework and it is quite well defined perception that an investor needs a brighter depiction of profit generation to allow him to think about different financial intermediaries in this modern world though it is going through analysis time to time since many years following their psyche on the other hand banks being financial intermediary have to put through making most of it avoiding concept that money should not be loan according to legal maxims. According to Ayub M. (2007), Islamic principles can make the difference and that Islamic finance is passing significant milestones; which lead entrepreneurs not to stop putting their research on and on. Islamic researchers are more concerned meeting shariah compliant regulatory requirements. Sohail (2006) overstated that Islamic retail banking and finance is not only designated for Muslim community on ly; which means Islamic retail banking products are adopted to some extent because of their competency and efficiency, and are being used under the umbrella of conventional (non-Islamic) banks; they often call it as window for Islamic banking products. Detailed analysis of differences between Islamic securitisation and its conventional counterpart: Islamic lending transactions are governed by the precepts of the shariah, which bans interest and stipulates that income must be derived as return from entrepreneurial investment. Since Islamic finance is predicated on asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, structuring shariah-compliant securitisation seems straightforward. As mentioned in by Kabir and Mervyn (2007) according to Humayoun A. Dar; fixed-return modes deals with the control and management of funds as clients have the possession which was made available by the investors, financial frameworks are often used with different areas of Islamic banking products like investment accounts based on mudharabah and saving account based on wadià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a, inclusive of Islamic retail banking products like Islamic mortgages, Islamic auto finance, sukuk (Islamic bonds) and many other products dealt with the concept of asset-backing and riba-free i.e. Islamised frameworks. Nonetheless, financial institutions have been able to develop various forms of Islamic finance instruments that are virtually identical to their conventional counterparts in substance. Since most Islamic financial products are based on the concept of asset backing, the economic concept of asset securitisation is particularly amenable to the basic tenets of Islamic finance. Securiti sation under Islamic law bars interest income and must be structured in a way that rewards investors for their direct exposure to business risk, i.e., investors receive a share of profits commensurate to the risk they take on in lieu of pre-determined interest. All three asset types of Islamic finance are principally eligible for Islamic securitisation; however, unresolved issues, including restrictions on debt trading or the management of prepayment risk could limit their indiscriminate use as collateral. Characteristics of conventional securitisation only apply if they convey a sufficient element of ownership to investors as entrepreneurial investment in real economic activity within an interest-free structural arrangement. In addition, also administrative issues, such as underwriting standards, issue placement and the procurement of ratings, are subject to religious scrutiny. Any capital generated from securitised issuance under Islamic law is to be used exclusively used for the repayment of initial funding. Conventional securitisation, which originated in non-Islamic economies, invariably involves interest bearing debt. Although the religious prohibition of the exchange of debt and the required conferral of ownership interest to participate in business risk still poses challenges to further development of Islamic securitisation, the gradual acceptance of Islamic investment certificates, so-called sukuk bonds, represents a successful attempt to overcome these impediments based on the adequate interpretation and analogical reasoning of shariah principles applied in Islamic finance. Sukuks are shariah-compliant and tradable asset-backed, medium-term notes, which have been issued internationally by governments, quasi sovereign agencies, and corporations after their legitimization by the ruling of the Fiqh Academy of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in February of 1988. Sukuk notes convey equity interest to (capital market) investors in the form of a call option on partial or complete ownership of underlying reference assets, including the right to some calculable rate of return as a share of p rofit (secondary notes) and the repayment of the principal amount (primary notes). All three broad types of Islamic finance transactions (asset-, debt- and equity-based) can be reference assets of such Islamic securities. Following exhibits (3 and 4) provide the sukuk implementations. Detailed analysis of elements of risk shifting and risk sharing in securitisation process: Over the last five years, the sukuk has evolved as a viable form of capital-market-based Islamic structured finance, which reconciles the concept of securitisation and principles of the shariah law on the provision and use of financial products and services in a risk-mitigation structure subject to competitive pricing (El-Qorchi, 2005). Notwithstanding these religious constraints, Islamic finance can synthesize close equivalents to equity, mortgages, and derivatives known in conventional finance. To this end, it relies on structural arrangements of asset transfer between borrowers and lenders to emulate traditional interest-bearing financial contracts. Since lending transactions under Islamic law are based on the concept of asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, it also appears relatively straightforward to structure a shariah-compliant asset-backed securitisation (ABS) that delivers a risk-return profile similar to a conventional structure. Howe ver, conventional securitisation was developed in non- Islamic economies and invariably involves interest-bearing debt. Essentially, asset securitisation represents a cost-efficient and flexible structured finance1 technique of liquidity transformation and risk transfer, which converts present or future asset claims of varying maturity and quality into tradable debt securities. The various methods of securitisation have much to offer, but so far they have found only limited acceptance in Islamic finance due to religious restrictions on the sale and purchase of interest-bearing debt and legal uncertainty surrounding the enforceability of investor interest under Islamic jurisprudence. Over the last five years, the nascent Islamic securitisation market has seen many positive developments owing to the adoption of enabling capital market regulations, a favorable macroeconomic environment, and financial innovation aimed at establishing shariah compliance. The most popular ABS structures w ithin Islamic finance are commonly referred to as sukuk bonds backed by either one of the three basic forms of Islamic finance (synthetic loans, sale- leasebacks, or profit-sharing arrangements). Asset securitisation describes the process and the result of issuing certificates of ownership as pledge against existing or future cash flows from a diversified pool of assets (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reference portfolioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) to investors. (Jobst, 2006b). Foreign Investment Insurance Policy-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FIIPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by The Islamic Corporation For The Insurance of Investment And   Export Credit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ICIECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Islamic securitisation transforms bilateral risk sharing between borrowers and lenders in Islamic finance into the market-based refinancing of one or more underlying Islamic finance transactions. Protection against basic risk; can be unless returns for investors are linked to the rate of interest on the underlying assets, there is a risk that the relationship between the rate paid on the underlying assets and that paid on the securities will differ over time. Normally a swap will be arranged to protect against this risk. In addition, conventional securitisation is virtually absent in Islamic countries, where Islamic home finance and sukuks provide a potentially untapped market for structured finance. Islamic securitisation complements the conventional ABS universe as an alternative and more diversified funding option that broadens the pricing spectrum and asset supply as high demand for alternative investment products causes greater lending width amid a low-yield market environment. In some circumstances, the shariah compliance also entails tax exemptions when investors hold direct ownership interest in the securitised assets. Conclusion: Islamic securitisation is a helpful and important tool, which must be carried out prior to the issuance of Islamic bonds or Islamic Debt Securities. By securitising assets, the Islamic way, Muslim investors can now participate in the bond market without worrying that the process of securitising the assets and issuing of the bonds are contradictory to the Islamic teachings. Islamic finance is being more attractive for not only the Muslim community but for non-muslim world. Its products are being progressive even though there been some hurdles and late development of Islamic banking and finance industry and moreover it is has been so securitised for customer satisfaction and avoided almost the pity of riba-based banking structure. In this regard, it has a more focus on the revision and research on the proposed and as well as on financial structures that are being practiced nowadays. It has been proven that many big names like HSBC, Lloyds and Standard Chartered are putting there focus on Islamic products and especially on retail banking products and securitisation products. Suggestions and Recommendations: Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly (2007) by IMF(MCM Dept.) Many Islamic products have the thirst to be researched on and provided quite attractive picture for entrepreneur to spot focus on Islamic finance industry. Besides many Islamic retail banking products, Sukuk (i.e. Islamic Bonds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" despite of the type), Takaful (Insurance) and Tawarruq (AAOIFI standardised loan) are called out as the future for Islamic banking and might have a better attraction to conventional banking world as well. References(s): Aggarwal, R. K. Yousef, T. (2000) Islamic Banking and Investment Financing, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing Ahmad Ausaf (1993) Research Paper 20: Contemporary practices of Islamic financing techniques, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ahmad Ausaf (1987) Development and Problems of Islamic Banks, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ayub M. (2007) Understanding Islamic Finance, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester Commerz Bank, Securitisation of Banks, https://cbcm.commerzbank.com/en/site/banks/securitisation_cf_banks/index.jsp [Access Date: 14th August 2010] Deringer (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic finance: basic principles and structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Freshfields Bruckhaus Consultants, pp 30. Dualeh, S. (1998). Islamic Securitisation: Practical Aspects. Paper presented at the World Conference on Banking, July 8-9, 1998, Geneva. El-Qorchi, Mohammed (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic Finance Gears Up,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Finance and Development (December), International Monetary Fund (IMF), 46-9. Fabozzi, F. J. (ed). (2001). Accessing Capital Markets through Securitisation. New York: Fran J Fabozzi Associates. Hassan Kabir M. Lewis Mervyn K. (2007) Handbook of Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham IMF, Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly, URL: [Accessed on: 18th August 2010] https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/res0919b.htm Islamic Credit and Political Risk Insurance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Useful Risk Management Tool For Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?URL:https://www.kantakji.com/fiqh/Files/Insurance/Islamic%20Credit%20and%20Political%20Risk%20Insurance.htm [Access Date: 17th August 2010] Jaffar S. (2006) Islamic Retail Banking and Finance: Global Challenges and Opportunities, Euromoney Books, London Jobst, Andreas A. (2006b), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Asset Securitisation: A Refinancing Tool for Firms and Banks,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Managerial Finance, Vol. 32, No. 9, 731-60. Kazarian G. E. (1993) Islamic versus traditional banking: Financial Innovation in Egypt, Boulder: Westview Press Kothari, Vinod (n.d.). Securitisation: a Primer. Available at: URL:https://www.vinodkhotari.com/securitisation.htm, Access Date: 17th August 2010. Manjoo F. A., (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securitisation: An Important Recipe for Islamic Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ A Survey, Review of Islamic Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2005, pp.53 Masum Billah, M. (unknown), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ URL: https://www.applied-islamicfinance.com/sp_securitisation_1.htm [Access Date: 10th August 2010] Mullineux, A. W. Murinde, V. (2003) Handbook of International Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham Usmani M. M. T. (1988), An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Islamic Publication, pp. 1-5, Karachi Zaher, Tarek S. Hassan, Kabir M. (2001) A comparative Literature Survey of Islamic Finance and Banking; Financial Markets, Institutions and Intruments, Blackwell, New York

How Monotheism As A Type Of Religion - 973 Words

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The History of Ostrich Domestication

Ostriches (Struthio camelus) are the largest bird alive today, with adults weighing between 200–300 pounds (90-135 kilograms). Adult males attain a height of up to 7.8 feet (2.4 meters) tall; females are slightly smaller. Their immense body size and small wings make them incapable of flying. Ostriches have a remarkable tolerance to heat, withstanding temperatures up to 56 degrees C (132 degrees F) without much stress. Ostriches have been domesticated for only about 150 years, and are truly only partly domesticated, or, rather, are only domesticated for a short period of their lives. Key Takeaways: Ostrich Domestication Ostriches were domesticated (and only partly) in South Africa in the mid-19th century.  South African farmers and their British colonial overlords were responding to an enormous demand for fluffy ostrich feathers used in Victorian-era fashions.Although they are adorable as chicks, ostriches are not good pets, because they quickly grow into bad-tempered giants with sharp claws.   Ostriches as Pets? Keeping ostriches in zoos as exotic pets was practiced in Bronze Age Mesopotamia at least as early as the 18th century BCE. Assyrian annals mention ostrich hunts, and some royal kings and queens kept them in zoos and harvested them for eggs and feathers. Although some modern day people do attempt to keep ostriches as pets, no matter how gently you raise them, within a year, the cute fluffy juvenile ball grows to a 200-pound behemoth with sharp claws and the temperament to use them.​ Far more common and successful is ostrich farming, producing red meat similar to beef or venison, and leather goods from the hides. The ostrich market is variable, and as of the 2012 agricultural census, there are just a few hundred ostrich farms in the U.S. Ostrich Life Cycle There are a handful of recognized modern sub-species of ostrich, including four in Africa, one in Asia (Struthio camelus syriacus, which has been extinct since the 1960s) and one in Arabia (Struthio asiaticus Brodkorb). Wild species are known to have been present in North Africa and Central Asia, although today they are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. South American ratite species are only distantly related, including Rhea americana and Rhea pennata. Wild ostriches are grass eaters, usually concentrating on a handful of annual grasses and forbs that yield essential protein, fiber, and calcium. When they dont have a choice, they will eat leaves, flowers, and fruits of non-grassy plants. Ostriches mature at between four and five years of age and have a lifespan in the wild of up to 40 years. They are known to travel in the Namib desert between 5 to 12 miles (8–20 kilometers) per day, with an average home range of about 50 mi (80 km). They can run up to 44 mi (70 km) per hour when necessary, with a single stride of up to 26 ft (8 m). It has been suggested that Upper Paleolithic Asian ostriches migrated seasonally, as an adaptation to climate change. Ancient Appearance: Ostrich as Megafauna Ostriches are of course an ancient prehistoric bird, but they show up in the human record as ostrich eggshell (often abbreviated OES) fragments and beads from archaeological sites beginning about 60,000 years ago. Ostriches, along with mammoth, were among the last Asian megafaunal species (defined as animals which weigh more than 100 kg) to become extinct. Radiocarbon dates on archaeological sites associated with OES begin near the end of the Pleistocene, late in Marine Isotope Stage 3 (ca. 60,000–25,000 years ago). Central Asian ostriches went extinct during the Holocene (what archaeologists call the last 12,000 years or so). The east Asian ostrich Struthio anderssoni, native to the Gobi Desert, was among the megafaunal species that went extinct during the Holocene: they survived the Last Glacial Maximum only to apparently be done in by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. That increase also increased the number of grasses, but it negatively impacted the forage availability in the Gobi. In addition, it is possible that human over-use during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene might have occurred, as mobile hunter-gatherers moved into the region. Human Use and Domestication Beginning in the late Pleistocene, ostriches were hunted for their meat, their feathers, and their eggs. Ostrich shell eggs were likely hunted for the protein in their yolks but were also very useful as light, strong containers for water. Ostrich eggs measure up to 6 inches (16 centimeters) long and can carry up to one quart (about one liter ) of fluid. Ostriches were first kept in captivity during the Bronze Age, in a tamed and semi-domesticated state, in gardens of Babylon, Nineveh, and Egypt, as well as later in Greece and Rome. Tutankhamuns tomb included images of hunting the birds with a bow and arrow, as well as a very fancy ivory ostrich feather fan. There is documented evidence of ostrich riding since the first millennium BCE at the Sumerian site of Kish. European Trade and Domestication The full domestication of the ostrich was not attempted until the mid-19th century when South African farmers established farms solely for harvesting the plumage. At the time, and indeed for several centuries before that and since, ostrich feathers were in high demand by fashionistas from Henry VIII to Mae West. Feathers can be harvested from the ostrich every six to eight months without ill effects. During the first decade of the 20th century, ostrich feathers used in the fashion industry had driven the value per pound to that nearly equal to that of diamonds. Most of the feathers came from Little Karoo, in the Western Cape region of southern Africa. That was because, in the 1860s, the British colonial government had actively facilitated export-oriented ostrich raising. The Darker Side of Ostrich Farming According to historian Sarah Abrevaya Stein, in 1911 the Trans-Saharan Ostrich Expedition took place. That involved a British-government sponsored corporate espionage group who snuck into French Sudan (chased by American and French corporate spies) to steal 150 Barbary ostriches, famed for their double fluff plumes, and brought them back to Cape Town to be inbred with the stock there. By the end of World War II, though, the market for feathers crashed—by 1944, the only market for the fanciest of plumes was on cheap plastic Kewpie dolls. The industry managed to survive by broadening the market to meat and hides. Historian Aomar Boum and Michael Bonine have argued that the European capitalist passion for ostrich plumes decimated both wild animal stocks and African livelihoods based on wild ostriches. Sources Al-Talhi, Dhaifallah. Almulihiah: A Rock Art Site in the Hail Region, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 23.1 (2012): 92–98. Print.Bonato, Maud, et al. Extensive Human Presence at an Early Age of Ostriches Improves the Docility of Birds at a Later Stage of Life. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 148.3–4 (2013): 232–39. Print.Boum, Aomar, and Michael Bonine. The Elegant Plume: Ostrich Feathers, African Commercial Networks, and European Capitalism. The Journal of North African Studies 20.1 (2015): 5–26. Print.Brysbaert, Ann. ‘The Chicken or the Egg?’ Interregional Contacts Viewed through a Technological Lens at Late Bronze Age Tiryns, Greece. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 32.3 (2013): 233–56. Print.dErrico, Francesco, et al. Early Evidence of San Material Culture Represented by Organic Artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.33 (2012): 13214–19. Print.Gegner, Lance E. Ratite Production: Ostrich, Emu and Rhea. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas: National Center for Appropriate Technology, 2001. 1–8. Print.Janz, Lisa, Robert G. Elston, and George S. Burr. Dating North Asian Surface Assemblages with Ostrich Eggshell: Implications for Palaeoecology and Extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.9 (2009): 1982–89. Print.Kurochkin, Evgeny N., et al. The Timing of Ostrich Existence in Central Asia: AMS 14c Age of Eggshells from Mongolia and Southern Siberia (a Pilot Study). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268.7–8 (2010): 1091–93. Print.Renault, Marion. Decades after It Crashed, Ostrich Industry Poised to Take Off as Demand Grows. Chicago Tribune September 25. 2016. Print.Shanawany, M. M. Recent Developments in Ostrich Farming. World Animal Review 83.2 (1995). Print.Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. Plumes: Ostrich Feathers, Jews, and a Lost World of Global Commerce. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

Business Operations And New Ideas - 840 Words

†¢ The company’s managers are frequently busy with business operations and new ideas. Apparently, IT structures was never appropriated with organizational vision and IT was in an important state of disorganization. †¢ IT doesn’t have reliability in the lines of business. This is a known deficiency and sooner or later will be addressed in the reconversion of IT. †¢ Business operations are not understood by IT employee. Business unit managers were making IT decisions based on their current knowledge and needs. The connections of the processes are incomprehensible to both teams of the organization. †¢ Apparently, there is no single point of failure can be connected to inefficient IT administration. The divisions may not be able to understand†¦show more content†¦Well-organized structure provides business employees with opportunities and how to improve their skills. First of all, the multidivisional operation needs to provide overall operations appropriate in a SOA structure. Because, there is no guarantee that SOA will fit to company’s existing package. The managers, especially CIO is in the best position to involve and communicate with employees. The CIO must hire senior management who can communicate with IT employees and educate them. IT organizational structures must be centralized, understandable and moderate. Outline a project selection process for AgCredit to ensure alignment with the enterprise business vision. Organizations should be careful and select the projects they decide to continue from between many opportunities. Apparently, there is no simple decision. The consequences of poor process and decision could be expensive and irrecoverable. A number of useful projects are existing to managers liable for measuring possible business needs. AgCredit’s CIO must know that his job is getting harder and must also connect with people at all levels of the organization. New enterprise ideas must be delivered quickly and directly connected to measures of business development. All of these developments provide an idea of how the business people and business process work each other and provide more understandable process which would make business process more vigorous and useful. How

Sexuality In Carol As Portrayed Through Mise-En-Scene And...

Sexuality in Carol as Portrayed through Mise-en-Scà ¨ne and Cinematography In Todd Haynes’s Carol (2015), silver bells and tinsel cover the walls and shelves of Frankeberg’s department store in the scene where main characters Carol (Cate Blanchett) and Therese (Rooney Mara) first meet. Through swarms of busstling holiday shoppers, Therese’s timid gaze lands on Carol - a strikingly beautiful, sophisticated, and self assured woman. As Carol’s gaze meets Therese’s, viewers sense an undeniable attraction. Throughout the film, and specifically in this scene, attention to mise-en-scà ¨ne and cinematography helps convey messages surrounding homosexual themes in the film. Intricate mise-en-scene plays with the characterization of Carol and Therese†¦show more content†¦Slight differences in her preferences and self expression coupled with her reluctance to join the masses in their Santa hats critically positions Therese s as different in this early scene. Meanwhile, Carol’s costume and performance paint her as simultaneously both more and less of an outsider than Therese. Establishing shots show throngs of holiday shoppers in dark wool coats and neutral colored suits, bustling around completing their holiday shopping. Then, the audience meets Carol. In an extravagant, caramel colored fur coat, a scarlet hat and scarf, and with fiery red lips and nails, Carol stands out from the crowd. Her slow, deliberate gaze contrasts the hustle of the shoppers. She is alone, while most other are accompanied by spouses, friends, or children, and she exudes an air of mystery and angst. Carol’s costume and mannerisms in this case align with Doty’s claim, however the classically feminine and glamorous way in which Carol presents herself complicates the connection. While Carol is in fact depicted as being an other, she aligns better with normative standards of female beauty and sexuality than all others in this scene. This notion is present throughout the film as Carol embodies the pinnacle of what women in this time aspired to exude; she’s elegant and witty, intelligent and compelling, beautiful and wealthy, and a wife and mother. However,

Speech On The s Own Spirituality - 885 Words

It’s always difficult to talk about one’s own spirituality. We spend our entire lives trying to understand it. It’s something that sits very close to our hearts; in discussing it we must make ourselves vulnerable. We must to prod that part of ourselves of which we are most afraid. I was raised a Christian, but I was not raised a disciple. For me, church meant â€Å"the building we go to on Sunday†, and it bore all the negativity of sitting in that hard pew and listening to that old man talk. I hated it, and I certainly wanted no part in all those rules from the Bible. I figured that Jesus would forgive me, so I should get to do anything I want. This line of thinking led me down a path that many young men follow. I made the wrong friends, and they introduced me to internet pornography. I was repelled at first, and I eventually severed those friendships, but it came back: about a year later I had a bad day, and I remembered what I had been shown. So I clicked. Pop culture seems to think that porn is fun, that it’s entertainment, that it’s all fine. It isn’t. Pornography changed the way I saw people, and that in turn changed how I interacted with them; I became very bad at meeting people, making friends, or carrying on a conversation. Worse, the relationship I damaged the most with this sin was the one I needed most: the one with God. Even after my conversion I found prayer a painful experience, filled with remorse and shame; my spiritual growth diminished. The knowledge thatShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have A Dream 1448 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen spoken than thos e uttered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I have a dream,† speech. Perhaps one of the most famous and paradigm shifting speeches in all of history, Dr. King’s was spoken with candor, authenticity, fervor, and an enormous amount of tact. 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Leadership And Management And Leadership - 1146 Words

Leadership and Management Contrary to popular belief, the terms leadership and management are often thought of as hand in hand, but in retrospect they both have very strong different meanings and are not the same. There are some similar characteristics that can very much persuade some that they align in the same manner. They can be notably known as terms that are used interchangeably in the business world. â€Å"Management is a function that must be exercised in any business, whereas leadership is a relationship between leaders and led that can energize an organization† (Maccoby, 2000). Leadership and Management Defined Leadership is comprised of the words lead and leader. 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William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night - 947 Words

Love affection Recently, I’ve been reading an intriguing play, Twelfth Night, which was written by William Shakespeare. What interests me in this play most is the fact that there are a lot of love interests. Duke Orsino is greatly attracted to a gentlewoman called Olivia. However, despite his attempts to court her, she rejects his approaches as she claims to be in a period of mourning for her dead brother which has been going on for seven years. Olivia forms a tight friendship with Viola, a woman who acts as a messenger for the Duke, and ends up falling in love with her. Viola, on the other hand, is totally awed by Orsino. The fact that Olivia is in love with Viola who is in love with the man who has been courting the former for years is quite ironical. I believe that love is what makes us be better people and the relationships between people can influence each othet and their personalities. Love, a big subject existing in this world, we can’t live without it whether it ’s optimized or not. Setting the standard of love, there are different levels of love, sexual love, family love or so. It remindes me of the love that Gatsby has for Daisy in the novel, The Great Gatsby, which was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. After Gatsby being who he wants to be, I’d say a gentleman and rich here, he desires to win his first love, Daisy, back. They definily have pure love for each other few years ago, however, when they break up, everything changed. Daisy now has a husband, and she hasShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night2005 Words   |  9 Pagesrole that gender plays in Shakespeare’s work. Focus on Twelfth Night or King Lear—or discuss both plays together. Do you see these patterns repeated? 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Each of the characters’ relationships play a role in the development of the story. The first and main type of love in â€Å"Twelfth Night is true love. The story’s plot is driven by the complicated love triangle between Orsino, Viola, and Olivia. However, Viola’s love is the only trueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare, the favorite dramatist of all time fascinates himself with the usage of the language of Elizabethan poetic drama. His plays were lived to a full appreciation and pleasure. One of his most common plays full of comedies, twelfth night published in 1623, was written with a well hatched plot where the analysis on love is brought in both comic and tragic situation. The reader will note the three very different story lines within these paragraphs. The following prognostications will outline

Great Teachers, Bad Students Essay Example For Students

Great Teachers, Bad Students Essay 58 I have a student in my second hour class who is an idiot . Students probably have never heard their teachers complaining about them in the halls. In contrast, a person could roam Jefferson and hear conversations about how terrible teachers are from every corner of the school. I got an F- on the final but its only because Mr. Doe* is a crappy teacher. This a common attitude among students who fair poorly on a test. It is not bad teaching that causes a student to fail a class, it is bad learning. Laziness, foreign substance abuse, and truancy are a few characteristics of a bad learner. The word lazy is frequently used to describe high school students who do not turn in their homework, study for tests and are constantly ill prepared for class. One form of laziness is the dreaded disease that only affects seniors, Senioritis. The symptoms include lack of motivation and falling grades. The word lazy is frequently used to describe high school students who do not turn in their homework, study for tests and are constantly ill prepared for class. One form of laziness is the dreaded disease that only affects seniors, Senioritis. The symptoms include lack of motivation and falling grades. Yet the seniors who have the most severe case of Senioritis are the same ones who complain about poor teaching. Of course all lazy students are not seniors. There are students from every grade level who do not do their homework or study. Effort must be put forth by the student in order for learning and retention to occur. Students who use illegal substances show the characteristics of a poor learner. The abuser may consistently forget homework assignments and do poorly on exams. Recovered drug user Bob* explains, The pressure from your friends and society to use drugs is sometimes overwhelming. Once I started, everything went downhill, especially my grades. Drugs soon consume the students life, leaving no time for studying or homework. Truancy is obviously going to produce a poor learner. By not showing up at school there is no possible way he or she can get assignments or take tests. Even skipping only once or twice in a semester can be detrimental. I skipped one day when we had a pop quiz. My teacher never let me make it up because he said I skipped, said Susie* a junior at Jefferson. The teacher had every right to not let Susie make up the quiz that she missed because she skipped class. This is a classic example of a student who is a bad learner. Every day the teachers show up prepared to teach their classes. When students are consistently truant, bad grades are the result and no blame can be placed on the teacher. Students should be responsible by coming to class prepared. There are many reasons why students consistently do poorly in school. Laziness, illegal substance abuse and truancy are only a few characteristics of bad learner. Students should take the responsibility that goes along with receiving a decent education. Instead of finding a scapegoat for their problems by blaming teachers, students should start putting the pressure on themselves. *These names have been changed to protect the individuals identity. English .

Clybourne Park free essay sample

While seeing â€Å"Clybourne Park†, it made me wish I had read or seen A Raisin in the Sun to get the better appreciation and parallels it had to offer. Racism and social class are both very touchy subjects to this day that Clybourne Park examines and dives right into that mixes both comedy and drama to captivate your mind and heart. Although it was slow in the beginning as it trudged through the character encounters and small talk, it picks up immediately as tensions mound. All the characters did a great job, but I particularly enjoyed the Russ/ Dan combination in the play. Russ is the homeowner that is selling his house to a black family, which angers his community. The character of Russ is an unusual one as his outer demeanor does not project what he is feeling on the inside. In the beginning, the character of Russ gives the production a nice dosage of comedy by eating ice cream out of the cartoon and giving very tired remarks to his chattering wife. We will write a custom essay sample on Clybourne Park or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Russ is hurt and empty on the inside from the loss of his son. His son came home from the Korean due to speculated war crimes and committed suicide which left a pain in Russ that he will never overcome. The actor did a great job of portraying this was his mannerisms. His drawn- back nature speculated that he was hiding something internally as to me he looked like there was something that was seizing his mind. Also, his twitch and the shaking of his hands resembled nervous tics that as an actor is hard to portray throughout the story. You could definitely tell he was in the moment and apart of the character. His pain inside is lashed out as the tension builds. He is angry and eventually exclaims that he does not care who moves into the home. He and his wife has been ostracized from the community since his son died and has seen no love or support from them. Now they seem to care about them when they are considering selling the house which makes Russ volatile and done with his two-sided neighbors. What I personally believe is that Russ is a closet racist. Although in the beginning he is apathetic towards race and social class, he gets very sensitive when Albert tries to pacify him by putting his hand on Russ. Russ explodes and is angered he would do that in his house. Did he say that because someone touched his shoulder gingerly or because Albert was black? Taken in consideration the time period, most people were racist or had white man’s burden thoughts in  1959. While Russ himself believes he does not care what race you are, I do believe that he does not find a black man to be equal as him or has the same rights. I felt maybe the actor could have explored a bit more with Russ being a closet racist which would change a little in the conversations he engages with Albert and Francine, but this is my opinion. As the play continues into act two, the actor now plays Dan, a worker who contrasts with Russ by being an old, craggy loud man. The biggest connection the characters have is when Dan finds a box in the backyard which contains Russ’s son’s suicide note. While Dan tries to show them what he found, the people turn their back towards the note and go back to what was important to them like how the community turned their back on Russ when his son died. That parallel was huge and the actor did a great job portraying both the characters. A giant kudos to him and all of the performers in Clybourne Park

Spinal Cord Injuries Essay Research Paper As free essay sample

Spinal Cord Injuries Essay, Research Paper As an Emergency Medical Technician ( EMT ) , when person has a spinal hurt, extra motion may do farther harm to the spinal column. EMT? s must ever immobilise the patient? s caput and trunk in the place found. The intent of an EMT is to forestall farther injury to the patient until more professional medical aid can be obtained. If in uncertainty about whether a individual has received a spinal hurt, ever presume he or she has. A spinal cord hurt ( SCI ) is really serious because it can intend the loss of esthesis and map in the parts of the organic structure below the site of the hurt. SCI? s are caused in many different ways. Some of the most common ways a individual may obtain a SCI are- motor vehicle accidents, slug or pang lesion, plunging accidents, electric daze, awkward placement of the organic structure, falls, athleticss hurts ( such as football or diving ) , industrial accidents, assault and gunshot lesions. Polio, Spina Bifida and Friedreich? s Ataxia are some of the frequent diseases that cause SCI. SCI may besides be know in other names such as spinal cord compaction ( SCC ) and spinal cord injury ( SCT ) . Harmonizing to an article in, SCI? s occur in about 12,000 to 15,000 people per twelvemonth in the U.S. About 10,000 of these people are for good paralyzed, and many of the remainder dice as a consequence of their hurts. Most spinal cord injury occurs to immature, healthy persons. Males between the ages of 15 and 35 are most normally affected. The spinal cord is about 18 inches long and extends from the base of the encephalon, down the center of the dorsum, to about the waist. It is composed of 33 castanetss called vertebrae, 31 braces of nervousnesss, 40 musculuss and legion linking sinews and ligaments running from the base of the skull to the tailbone. Between the vertebrae are hempen, elastic gristle called phonograph record. These absorb daze and maintain your spinal column flexible and shock absorber the difficult vertebrae as it moves. The nervousnesss that lie within the spinal cord are upper motor nerve cells ( UMN? s ) and their map is to transport the messages back and Forth from the encephalon to the spinal nervousnesss along the spinal piece of land. The spinal nervousnesss that branch out from the spinal cord to the other parts of the organic structure are called lower motor nerve cells ( LMN? s ) . These spinal nervousnesss issue and enter at each vertebral degree and communicate with specific countries of the organic structure. The sensory parts of the LMN carry messages about esthesis from the tegument and other organic structure parts and variety meats to the encephalon. The motor parts of the LMN send messages from the encephalon to the assorted organic structure parts to get down actions such as musculus motion. The encephalon and the spinal cord both make up the Central Nervous System. Motor and centripetal nervousnesss outside the cardinal nervous system make up the Peripheral Nervous System and another diffuse system of nervousnesss that control nonvoluntary maps such as blood force per unit area and temperature ordinance are the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems. Ringss of bone called vertebra surround the spinal cord, and these castanetss make up the spinal column or anchors. Most frequently, the higher in the spinal column the hurt occurs, the more disfunction a individual will see. The vertebras are named harmonizing to their location. The 8 vertebra in the cervix are called the Cervical Vertebra. The top vertebra is called C-1 ; the following is C-2, and etc. Cervical SCI? s normally cause loss of map in the weaponries and legs, ensuing in quadriplegia. The 12 vertebra in the thorax are called the Thoracic Vertebra. The first is called the T-1 and it? s where the top rib attaches. Injuries to this part normally affect the thorax and the legs and consequence in paraplegia. The vertebra in the lower dorsum between the thoracic and the pelvic girdle, are called the Lumbar Vertebra. The sacral vertebras run from the pelvic girdle to the terminal of the spinal column. Injuries to the 5 Lumbar vertebra and likewise to the 5 sacral vertebra by and large consequence in some loss of working in the hips and legs. The effects of SCI depend on the type of hurt and the degree of the hurt. SCI can be divided into two types of injury- complete and uncomplete. A complete hurt agencies that there is no map below the degree of the hurt, no esthesis and no voluntary motion. Both sides of the organic structure are every bit affected. An uncomplete hurt means that there is some working below the primary degree of hurt. A individual with an uncomplete hurt may be able to travel one limb more than another, may be able to experience parts of the organic structure that can non be moved, or may hold more operation on one side of the organic structure than the other. With the progresss in intervention of SCI, uncomplete hurts are going more common. The degree of hurt is really helpful in foretelling what parts of the organic structure palsy and loss of map might impact. Injuries above the C-4 degree may necessitate a ventilator for the individual to take a breath. C-5 hurts frequently result in shoulder and biceps control, but no control at the carpus or manus. C-6 hurts by and large affect carpus control, but no manus map. Persons with C-7 and T-1 hurts can unbend their weaponries but still may hold jobs with the manus and fingers. At T-1 to T-8 there is most frequently control of the custodies, but hapless bole control as the consequence of deficiency of abdominal musculus control. T-9 to T-12 hurts allows good bole and good abdominal musculus control. Persons with SCI besides experience other alterations. They may hold disfunction of the intestine and vesica. Sexual operation is often with SCI. Work forces have their birthrate affected, while adult females? s birthrate is non affected. Other affects of SCI include low blood force per unit area, inability to modulate blood force per unit area efficaciously, reduced control of organic structure temperature, inability to sudate below the degree of hurt and chronic hurting. SCI may besides conveying other possible complications like Skin Breakdown ( besides termed as? decubitus ulcers? or? force per unit area sores? ) , which occurs as a consequence of inordinate force per unit area over the castanetss of the cheek. Osteoporosis and Fractures occurs when musculus activity is decreased or eliminated and the legs no longer bear the organic structure? s weight and get down to lose Ca and P which makes them go weak and brickle. Normally happening 2 old ages after the initial SCI. Pneumonia, Atelectasis and Aspiration are the hurts above the T-4 degree of hurt that are at hazard of developing limitation in respiratory maps 5-10 old ages after the SCI. Heterotopic Ossification happens within 12-18 months, occurs when the articulations stiffen and merger. Safety patterns during work and diversion can forestall many SCI? s. Use proper protective equipment if an hurt is possible, and pattern appropriate safety steps. Always check the deepness of H2O before diving, and expression for stones or other possible obstructors. Football and sleighing hurts frequently involve crisp blows or unnatural distortion and bending of the dorsum or cervix and can ensue in SCT. Use cautiousness when sledding and inspect the country for obstructions. Use appropriate techniques and equipment when playing football or other contact athleticss. Falls while mounting at work or during recreational activities may do serious SCI? s. Always use defensive drive patterns and improved vehicular design may forestall many car accidents, and the usage of place belts will greatly cut down the hazard of serious hurt if there is an automobile accident. Using and retrieving these tips will ever cut down your opportunities of of all time meeting a state of affairs where you could be the victim of a spinal cord hurt. Bibliography 1 ) ? Spinal Cord Injury: Spinal Cord 101? ( 15 March. 2000 ) . 2 ) ? Spinal Cord Injury: Possible Complications? ( 15 March. 2000 ) . 3 ) ? Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Anatomy of the Spinal Cord? ( 15 March. 2000 ) . 4 ) ? Spinal Cord Trauma? ( 18 March. 2000 ) . 5 ) ? Spinal and Neck hurts? ( 19 March. 2000 ) .